The Decolonisation Of Ghana History Essay

The Decolonisation Of Ghana History Essay 1. Abstract: This Extended Essay is going to be about the Decolonization of Ghana. I have chosen this Topic due to my Interest in that country and because I spend my holidays there once a year. This essay is supposed to view the decolonization of Ghana and the reasons and thoughts behind it. This Extended Essay is written for the people who are interested into the problems and affairs in the decolonialization of Ghana. This piece of work is should show the recipients the reasons and problems linked with decolonialization and if the people of Ghana received the Independence and its aftermath with enthusiasm and/or neglecting. The essay can be divided up into a theoretical piece, in which I will write about the decolonization, its problems and reasons and a second part, where I will discuss how Nkrumah was able to get support. My research questions are: What are the reasons for decolonization and to what extent was Nkrumah successful in gaining support for Ghana and how? Well we know that reasons for the decolonization was due to the fact that Nationalism and self-rule were things the people of Ghana were aiming for, which without removal of the current situation could not have been realized. The other fact is that Nkrumah was successful in gaining Ghanaian support, with factors being bankruptcy of Britain, hatred for Britain, and thanks to the important constitutions made. What we are unaware of is how these steps were taken in order to counter the problems and to what extent they were able to be successful in removing their problems. 2. Introduction: During World War 2, colonies from around the globe came back to their mother countries in order to help their colonial masters fight against the enemies. While the going to be Prime Ministers, Henrik Verwoerd and B.J. Vorster, of South Africa supported Hitler, the majority of French colonialists remained loyal to its government until 1943. The wartime propaganda from the Germans had a part in this defiance of British rule. Japans conquests in the Far East caused shortages of various products such as minerals etc. Africa was therefore then used to make up for this problem and could greatly profit from this decision. U-Boats monitoring the North-Atlantic Ocean restricted the shipping of raw materials to Europe and so made the industries in Africa come to life. Local industries in turn caused the creation of new towns, and existing towns doubled in size. As urban community and industry grew so did trade unions. In addition to trade unions, urbanization brought about inc reased literacy, which allowed for pro-independence newspapers. By the 1930s, the colonial powers had carefully cultivated a small elite of leaders educated in Western universities and familiar with ideas such as self-determination. These leaders, including some major nationalists such as Kenyatta (Kenya), Nkrumah (Gold Coast, Ghana), Senghor (Senegal), and Houphouet-Boigny (Cà ´te dIvoire) came to lead the struggle for independence. 2. What are the reasons for decolonization? Before discussing this policy in these fields, it would be helpful, perhaps, to give a general picture of the kind of government that ruled at the time. The government could have been described as a mixture of direct rule by the central government and the rule of African institutions. There had been a steady bias towards the latter. Ghana is a classical example of decolonization of an English colony after World War Two. A mix of nationalism, a foundation of self-rule and educated elite, men returning from serving in WW2, strong leadership, and a weakening of Europes hold on colonies because of the devastation of World War Two made Ghana the vanguard of sub-Saharan African independence. There was a disease threatening the cocoa farmers. This disease was damaging cocoa farms at an extremely high rate and despite scientific research the only solution to this was to cut out the infected trees. This didnt please the farmers since at the time the price for cocoa was very high. So following the solution the government was experiencing resistance throughout the land. But the greatest problem was the deprivation. At the same time other disorders had broken out in the business district of Accra. Crowds, dissatisfied with the new prices resulting from the boycott agreement, which had been made, and incited by agitators had began to riot and loot and burn both European and Syrian owned stores. It even came that far that the people broke into the prison and freed prisoners to join in. This kind of turmoil spread to other towns of the Gold Coast./ It was the time for change. 3. How was decolonization achieved? World War II ushered in a massive wave of decolonization struggles, and dozens of new states. The first half of the twentieth century was devastating for European colonial powers. The cumulative cost of World War I, the collapse of control and stability during the Age of Anxiety, and the devastating epic conflict of World War II, all contributed to the erosion of colonial control. Although regions seeking independence still had years of fighting to endure after 1945, countries like Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, and the Netherlands were in a losing struggle to hold onto their colonies. Japan, Germany and Italy lost their colonial empires immediately following their defeat. The U.S. also began to relinquish direct colonial control over acquired territories, focusing its energies on building Cold War alliances and influence, In short, colonial empires collapsed all over the world, and out of this turmoil emerged dozens of new countries. World War II had a marked influence on the G old Coast. The changes it brought were found, of course, not only in the Dependency but in all colonial areas. World opinion had become much concerned with the problem of dependent peoples and the United Nations Charter included a section in which the colonial powers agreed to promote the advancement and eventual self-government of these territories.The Country of Ghana had been developing economically and so the focus of government power gradually shifted into the hands of the Ghanaians, instead of staying in those of the Governor and his officials. This had been made possible due to gradual development of a strong spirit of nationalism and which would eventually result in independence. In effect the Gold Coast was ready for an increased measure of self-government for the economic, social, and political development of the inter-war years had contributed to the experience of the Dependencys leaders. The territorial councils had broadened the viewpoint of chiefs hitherto confined to the particular interests of individual states, and service on the legislative council had taught the traditional rulers and the educated classes to work together in general with the view to the national good. Once the movement had begun, events moved rapidly, at a pace that not only surprised the colonial government but also among conservative African elements as well. In the late nineteenth century, an arbitrary political system which placed almost all power into the hands of the governor through his appointment of council members had been thought unacceptable by a number of educated Africans. In the 1890s, a group was formed named, the Aborigines Rights Protection Society, by members of the educated coastal elite. They protested against a land bill that threatened traditional land tenure. In the end this protest helped build a foundation for political action that would ultimately lead to independence. From the African members of the legislative Council, one of them, Joseph E. Casely-Hayford, convened the National Congress of British West Africa, which then sent a delegation, so that the colonial office was urged to consider the principle of elected representation, in 1920. This group represented the first expression of political solidarity between nationalist and intellectuals of the area. Sadly the delegation had not been received, but it had by any means aroused considerable support from the Africans elite back home. Granting their call for elected representation as opposed to a system, in which the governor appointed numbers of the council, the nationalists had insisted that they were loyal to the British crown and that they only would help make an extension to British political and social practices of Africans. They had important leaders, such as Africanus Horton, John Mensah Sarbah, and S.R.B. Attah-Ahoma. These few men gave the nationalist movement a distinctly elitist touch which was going to last. Provincial councils of paramount chiefs had been created by the constitution of 1925. The councils in return elected 6 chiefs as unofficial members of the legislative council. The new constitution was appearing to recognize African sentiments, but Guggisberg, governor and command-in-chief, was mostly concerned with how to keep the British interests protected. For example: Africans only had a limited voice in the central government. By doing this, Guggisberg had spawned a wedge between the chiefs and their educated subjects. The subjects now believed that the chiefs had cheated the by letting the provisional councils fall into British hands, son that the chiefs would be able to receive support from the British. However the chiefs and the intellectuals had begun to reproach each other again, by the mid 1930s. Agitation for more adequate representation continued. So two more unofficial African members had been added to the executive council in 1943, this was gained due to the call for broader representation. The Burns constitution of 1946, named after the governor in charge at the time or just known as the Gold Coast constitution, had been a very bold document. It was bold due to the fact that for the first time they had abandoned the concept of an official majority. 6 Ex-officio, 6 nominated members, and 18 elected members composed the legislative council at this moment. In addition it also admitted representatives from Asante. Although there was a Labour Party Government in power, the British still viewed their colonies as sources of raw materials. These sources were bitterly needed, since the British economy was crippled and they needed to strengthen it. Only after riots and looting did the British decide to make, the placing of real power into African hands, a priority. Ghana now had a decisive majority of elected members. They have reached a Level of maturity in politics unheard of elsewhere in Africa. The government had been unable to bring down high prices, curtail profiteering, a nd ease other economic burdens of the country. The people were disappointed that their representatives in the newly formed legislative council did nothing to help them in this battle. The above statements give us a fairly good indication of the U.G.C.C.s objectives. It is important at this juncture to notice certain characteristics if the organization. The organizations was mainly made up of the à ©lite, it also always put pressure on its aim of fulfilling self government. But it should be achieved by legitimate and constitutional means. These hints make the impression that the U.G.C.C. represented a kind of conservative nationalism in contrast to the later kind that will develop in the near future. But a new phase dawned upon the history of the organization, which they themselves hadnt realized, by the Mr.Kwame Nkrumah becoming its general secretary. Nkrumah was born in a small village of Nzima, in the western section of the colony, in September 1909. He studied at Achimota and later in the United States, where he obtained a bachelor of Divinity degree from Lincoln University and a Masters of Arts from the University of Pennsylvania. During his years in America and a later stay in England he had gained considerable experience in leadership by participating in various political organizations and in associations designed to promote Negro advancement or self-government in Africa. The U.G.C.C. hoped to make the best out of his knowledge and experience. Although they were highly mature in what concerned politics, the constitution didnt grant them the freedom of having self-government. The executive power still remained in the hands of the governor, to whom the legislative government was responsible. The constitution faced trouble, although it had been greeted with enthusiasm. Many Gold Coast Veterans upon return, meanwhile WWII had ended, came back to a country in which shortages, inflation and unemployment ruled. So veterans started to form into a group of discontent people who were at the brink of creating disruptive action. Soon they were joined by farmers and many others who expected economic improvements, since the war had ended, but didnt receive any. So the tensions were still increasing since the war had ended. These Riots then resulted in having all of the U.G.C.C. members, including Nkrumah, arrested. Through this these men became known as the Big Six. The big six were the release again upon the arrival of the commission. 4. To what Extent was Nkrumah successful in gaining Support for Ghana and how? Dr. Kwame Nkrumah was a political leader and icon throughout Africa. We are able to thank him for liberating the Gold Coast and form it into the Ghana, which we know today. As he watched independence beginning to start in Africa, Nkrumah was anxious during that entire stage, simply due to his thought that imperialist rulers had ingeniously postponed their ultimate demise by granting sovereignty to the colonies, which they had previously done. Our hero had devised many political objectives to fight these imperialists and implemented them at the perfect time. Nkrumah was able to present his political beliefs already at an early stage, already as a graduate student in Great Britain. He had joined a student club and brought his messages through the local newspapers, during his studies at LSE (London School of Economics). Later on Nkrumah then was able to publish a pamphlet which set its focus on showing the downside of the imperialist rule on the African continent. Included were also thoughts, by him, towards colonial freedom and a way in which it could be obtained. This leadership role of his, progressed further, while in the meantime he had been elected to the executive board of the West Africans Student Union, at the college he was attending. The later on as Vice President he continued to criticize outlandish rule. The passion, which turned out to be so strong, towards ending the foreign rule in Africa, that he even considered forming the group named, Circle Union of Socialist African Republics. This confidential group was looking to lib erate Africa from the foreign rule. Nkrumah had officially founded the CPP to aid the liberation of Ghana on the 12th of June 1949. Most members were pulled out from the Committee of Youth Organization. This program looked to be very promising as spread his ideas of self government to farmers, unions, womens unions, and many younger people. In Nkrumahs eyes the only way the citizens of Ghana would be able to take control of their government would be through political unity. Nkrumah argued that cultural and economic independence would follow close behind. The policies and the formation of Nkrumahs CPP brought a positive influence to the people in Ghana and seemed to be destructive to the British Governments chance of maintaining control. Many factors help him gain support from the people some of them were, Propaganda in the form of signs, and he also found that coming up with party songs that give hope to the nation, was effective. All these things were used to make Ghanaian citizens aware and to gain support in the rem oval of the foreign power in charge. Nkrumahs campaigning began the 8th of January in 1952. 5 key ways in which Nkrumah could fight the imperialistic forces where: political education, nationalist aid, propaganda, dipl. Cooperation and by implementing a new policy in which the country of Ghana would not get involved with any form of Imperialist. Every stage was positive from Nkrumahs point of view. He even tried to remove the temporary regional assemblies, which were the safeguards in the constitution which would help the opposition. The Preventive Detention Act was introduced 1957. This act was laws, which allowed the police officers to arrest and possibly detain people that his government thought to be working against them. Another point was that Nkrumah had a feeling in his gut that the only way to maintain an imperialist free country was to become economically independent as well. The best way was to become an industrialized country. 5. Conclusion In my opinion Ghana had reached their goal by gaining Independence from the British, but while doing this they had cut their own flesh. I will have to name the good things first before I come to the bad things. Ghana had decided to deport foreigners who were perceived as threats to Ghana in the Deportation Act of 1957, which I think is a reasonable choice to make since having foreigners in ones parliament might have different effects on people. In addition to that in 1960 Ghana had officially become a republic, namely on the 1st of July. But now to the bad side of things, the Ghanaians now had cut the connection of to the British and by doing this they might have forgotten the fact that they were still slightly dependent on them. With dependent I mean that their economy was dependent from the British. Once they had cut the cord there was no way back and so they lost their biggest trading partner Britain. The consequences followed shortly and it is one that you still can feel today. T he economy had plummeted since the loss. Nkrumah had made almost all the right decisions for his people, but he had forgotten about the economy. He was so concerned with the maltreatment of his country by the white man, which he, instead of considering the actions he was taking, wanted to get rid of them once and for all. Nkrumah didnt consider the advantages they had through the white imperialists, but saw them as a problem to the people of Ghana and other African countries. I myself, in Nkrumahs position of course, would have been upset about the ongoing suppression of the imperialists in the country and would have wanted to send them to the moon with a one way ticket. Things just dont work that way and it would have been a lot smarter to just consider the options and possibilities, of how to get rid of the imperialist, but maintain a stable country at the same time. 7. Books Bourret, F.M.: Ghana-The Road To Independence; Oxford University Press, 1960 Buenor Hadjor, Kofi: Nkrumah and Ghana; Kegan Paul International Limited, 1988 Gocking Roger S.: History of Ghana; Greenwood Press, 2005 Nkrumah Kwame: Consciencism 7.1 Internet sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ghana (26/09/10) http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/independence.php (26/09/10) http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/slave-trade.php (26/09/10) http://www.honolulu.hawaii.edu/distance/hist/decol.htm (26/09/10) http://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/dr-kwame-nkrumah.php (26/09/10)

Ideas About Trust in William Maxwell’s What He Was Like :: Maxwell What He Was Like Essays Trusting

In William Maxwell’s â€Å"What He Was Like†, the characters’ trust in each other changes throughout the story. For example, the father trusts that his diaries will remain unread, but this does not happen. However, the mother understands and obeys this trust. Unfortunately, the daughter does not understand her father’s trust. A person’s ideas about trust change after reading this story. â€Å"He was aware that his remarks were sometimes far from kind, but the person they were about was never going to read them, so what difference did it make† (p. 43). The father hides his diaries because he does not want his diaries to be read. The father does not request that his diaries be destroyed after his death because he trusts that they will not be read. If the father were still alive to know that his diaries are read, he would be disappointed and upset. The mother understands her husbands trust and she will not read his diaries. â€Å"... She saw where he had hidden the current volume, was tempted to open it and see what it was he didn’t want her to know, and then thought better of it and replaced the papers, exactly as they were before† (p. 44). The mother does not need to read the diaries to know what her husband is like. She knows that what her husband thinks is secret and unkind because she also has unkind thoughts. The couple’s daughter does not understand her father’s trust because she is young and does not have the wisdom that is acquired through age. Although her mother warns her not to read the diaries, the daughter does so anyway. â€Å"’It makes me feel I can never trust anybody ever again† (p. 46). The daughter learns that every person thinks dark things that are disturbing for other people to know.

HR Case Study of Yamaha Motors

Change, in any organization is routed through it’s Human Resource Department. Thereare always disgruntled employees who complain that change has adversely affected them. There are employees who believe in status Quo and believe that if a system is working,there is no point in changing it. Escorts going out and Yamaha coming in was a change that influenced each other andevery employee working on all levels. Strangely though, the resistance to this majorchange and to all subsequent decisions taken to enforce the change was minimized,. Itonly depicts the success of the H. R. epartment in educating all employees. Change wasviewed as mandatory rather than optional. Employees were made to believe that theirfuture bread and butter depended upon the success of this change. Almost everyemployee understood the need for this broad change. There were some voices ofdiscontent regarding small details which had to be worked out. The H. R. department’srole in handling the entire proces s of change is summarized below : 1. Agreement with the Union : Escorts left behind a strong labour union which wasknown to use aggressive tactics to get it’s demand met.Yamaha suspended the oldagreement with the union and entered into a new one after taking over. Theagreement covered various aspects like pay packages, increments, working hours,leaves schedule etc. Yamaha also offered V. R. S. ( Voluntary retirement schemes)to those who did not wanted to continue with the organization. However, theattraction rate of labour and managers was very low. What Yamaha ensuredthrough was there are no dissatisfied employees in the organization.Yamaha knewthat workers will be facing a cultural change soon and only wanted thoseemployees who were ready and willing to accept change in it’s true spirit. 2. Training of employees in Japan : Not every employee looks upon training inJapan as an opportunity or value addition. Certain employees are reluctant toleave their families back in India for a period of 6 months. People used to thesocial and cultural environment of India find it difficult to adjust to a foreigncountry. The challenge for the H. R. Department was to motivate such employees.These employees were assured that their families will be taken care of. While trainees will receive salary for their work in Japan, their families will be a paid afixed amount periodically by the company during the [period of training. Securewit the knowledge that their families are taken care of, employees were motivatedto undergo training in Japan. 3. Networking with dealers : Yamaha is currently in process of networking all it’sdealer all over India. Dealers are seen as valuable channel partners and not meresupply chain members.The purpose of this online network queries on a perpetual basis. Dealers are encouraged to report all complaints, suggestions, ideas throughthis network. The network will also be used for online order processing. Prof . Nomita Kapoor Page 14 How Organizations Handle Change – Yamaha Motors India 4. Routing bills through Tedfel : Dealers were not happy with Yamaha routing it’sbills through Tedfel. Earlier, dealers were not asked to pay until the motor cycleswere actually sold. Now Tedfel only offered a 15 days credit period to the dealers.Presently, may dealers have already approached Yamaha and have asked to revertback to the old system. At the time of our research, the dialogue between thedealers and the company was still on. Yamaha still believes in the companyvalidity of hiring an outside agency for bill payments and wants to bring aroundthe dealers to its way of thinking. Yamaha has also followed the policy that Indian managers are best equipped to handleIndian work force. The Japanese presence in the H. R. department is bare minimum. Language barrier is a significant constraint in this regard.So, while the company boastsof presence of Japanese professionals in production, quality assurance and financed epartment, the H. R. department is still completely handled by their Indian counterparts. Reference: http://www. scribd. com/doc/2165100/Yamaha HONDA His employees soon came to understand that poor performance would not be tolerated. People recognized his total determination to succeed and to establish an engineering business. Honda was a true leader with vision and passion. He was sufficiently aware of his own managerial shortcomings. The employees called Honda ‘Mr.Thunder’ for his bursts of anger in answer to their mistakes. His employees loved him but they were afraid of his anger. Honda was not a perfect man. He admitted his mistakes: ‘When I look back at my work I understand I have made mistakes – many blunders, serious omissions. However, I am proud of my achievements. Although I made one mistake after the other, these mistakes and failures did not happen in connection with one and the same thing. ’ (Peters & Waterman 1982) As a transformationa l leader Honda tended to see the big picture, but not the details.Motivation is one of the major concepts of the human resource management. The research of motivation and its necessity for organization is closely connected with the Behavioral Management that arouse at the end of the Scientific Management era. Human resource management views an employee not as a machine but as a personality with its own goals and aspirations. The objective of managers is to build relationships in which workers would see themselves working with the manager, rather than working for a manager. Motivation can be defined as the process of arousing, directing, and maintaining behavior toward a goal.He points out that people are motivated to fulfill their needs. Companies view workers as being interdependent, meaning, managers cannot do their job without workers, and workers depend on their managers. Consequently, instead of management treating employees like machines, organizations should take a genuine in terest in the employee and help them reach their goals. Human resource management supposes that if employees are happier at work the production would increase. Soichiro Honda placed human initiative and attention to all workers on the first place.He tried to create a better environment for his employees, attract specialists and motivate them to do their work in the best possible way. Honda paid much attention to experimental work and did not accept attempts to control him or his corporation via the traditional caste system. He was the innovator and was against the hierarchy management structure: ‘On the whole, people work better if they are not forced and controlled. ’ (Peters & Waterman 1982) This thought is proven by psychologists and new styles of management are very effective and should be used by others.Honda understood that encouraging his worker’s personal development, their wish for self-actualization will bring him success in business. He was a passionat e person. Honda did not admit defeat and could risk everything he had achieved for the sake of his beliefs and ideas. He is the embodiment of persistence. Soichiro Honda was a man with modern mentality and readiness to risk in order to invent something new. He is the example of persistence, modesty, and the ability to see his own mistakes as the most valuable achievements.

Military Essay - 16059 Words

Coordination between the Military and Civilian Organisations: Issues and Solutions The work described in this document has been undertaken by the Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre, part funded by the Human Capability Domain of the U.K. Ministry of Defence Scientific Research Programme.  © BAE Systems 2009 The authors of this report have asserted their moral rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work. Reference ...........................................HFIDTC/2/WP3.1.4/3 Version.................................................................................2 Date............................................................... 19th May 2009  © BAE Systems†¦show more content†¦4 2 2.1 2.2 Introduction ................................................................................................ 5 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 5 Tasks undertaken and structure of report........................................................................... 5 3 3.1 Multi-agency Interoperability Coordination .............................................. 7 Summary of Literature review ............................................................................................. 7 3.1.1 Multi-agency coordination......................................................................................... 7 3.1.1.1 Key human factors concepts.......................................................................... 9 3.2 Case study review............................................................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 9 3.2.2 Summary................................................................................................................. 13 3.3 Summary of findingsShow MoreRelatedMilitary Police : A Military Policeman1123 Words   |  5 Pagesavailable to a man or woman is a military policeman. 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